Tom Dowd Was an American recording engineer and producer for Atlantic Records. He was credited with innovating the multitrack recording method. Dowd worked on a veritable “who’s who” of recordings that encompassed blues, jazz, pop, rock and soul records. He has worked with Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, Cream, Rod Stewart, the Allman Brothers Band and more. His inventive genius and technical skill combined with his musical talent made him one of the best producers in the business.
Early years
Born in Manhattan, Dowd grew up playing piano, tuba, violin, and string bass. His mother was an opera singer and his father was a concertmaster.
Dowd graduated from Stuyvesant High School in June 1942 at the age of 16. He continued his musical education at City College of New York. Dowd also played in a band at New York’s Columbia University, where he became a conductor. He was also employed at the physics laboratory of Columbia University.
Military work
At age 18, Dowd was drafted into the military with the rank of sergeant. He continued his work in physics at Columbia University. He worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. The purpose of the work was unclear until 1945. Dowd planned to obtain a degree in nuclear physics when he completed his work on the Manhattan Project. However, because his work was top secret, the university did not recognize it, and Dowd decided not to continue, since the university’s curriculum would not have been able to further his physics education. His research for the military was more advanced than academic courses at that time.
Music
Dowd took a job at a classical music recording studio until he obtained employment at Atlantic Records. His first hit was Eileen Barton’s “If I Knew You Were Comin’ I’d’ve Baked a Cake”.
He soon became a top recording engineer there and recorded popular artists such as Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, The Spinners, Ruth Brown and Bobby Darin, including Darin’s famous rendition of Kurt Weill/Bertolt Brecht’s “Mack the Knife”.
He captured jazz masterpieces by John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker. It was Dowd’s idea to cut Ray Charles’ recording of “What’d I Say” into two parts and release them as the A-side and B-side of the same single record.
Dowd worked as an engineer and producer from the 1940s until the beginning of the 21st century.
While working for Atlantic Records, he lived in Westwood, NJ with his wife Jackie and his sons, Steven and Theodore. He recorded albums by many artists including Bee Gees, Eric Clapton, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Black Oak Arkansas, Derek and the Dominos, Rod Stewart, Wishbone Ash, New Model Army, Cream, Lulu, Chicago, the Allman Brothers Band, Joe Bonamassa, the J. Geils Band, Meat Loaf, Sonny & Cher, the Rascals, The Spinners, Willie Nelson, Diana Ross, Eagles, the Four Seasons, Kenny Loggins, James Gang, Dusty Springfield, Eddie Harris, Charles Mingus, Herbie Mann, Booker T. & the M.G.’s, Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, Joe Castro and Primal Scream. He was also an employee of Apex Studios in the 1950s. Dowd received a Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in February 2002.
Tom Dowd helped to shape the artists that he worked with, and because he worked with an array of great artists on some of the world’s greatest recordings, Dowd was highly influential in creating the sound of the second half of the 20th Century. It was he who encouraged Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records to install an Ampex eight-track recorder, enabling Atlantic to be the first recording company to record using multiple tracks.
Dowd is credited as the engineer who popularized the eight-track recording system for commercial music and popularized the use of stereophonic sound. He also pioneered the use of linear channel faders as opposed to rotary controls on audio mixers. He devised various methods for altering sound after the initial recording.
In 2003 director Mark Moormann premiered an award-winning documentary about his life entitled Tom Dowd and the Language of Music.
Tom Dowd was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012. The ceremony took place on April 14, 2012, and Robbie Robertson gave the induction speech.
What’d I Say by Ray Charles
Is an American rhythm and blues song by Ray Charles, released in 1959. As a single divided into two parts, it was one of the first soul songs. The composition was improvised one evening late in 1958 when Charles, his orchestra, and backup singers had played their entire set list at a show and still had time left; the response from many audiences was so enthusiastic that Charles announced to his producer that he was going to record it.
After his run of R&B hits, this song finally broke Charles into mainstream pop music and itself sparked a new subgenre of R&B titled soul, finally putting together all the elements that Charles had been creating since he recorded “I Got a Woman” in 1954.
It earned Ray Charles his first gold record and has been one of the most influential songs in R&B and rock and roll history.
“What’d I Say” was accidental when he improvised it to fill time at the end of a concert in December 1958. He asserts that he never tested songs on audiences before recording them, but “What’d I Say” is an exception. Charles himself does not recall where the concert took place, but Mike Evans in Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul places the show in Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Shows were played at “meal dances” which typically ran four hours with a half-hour break, and would end around 1 or 2 in the morning. Charles and his orchestra had exhausted their set list after midnight but had 12 minutes left to fill. He told the Raelettes, “Listen, I’m going to fool around and y’all just follow me”.
Starting on the electric piano, Charles played what felt right: a series of riffs, switching then to a regular piano for four choruses backed up by a unique Latin conga tumbao rhythm on drums. The song changed when Charles began singing simple, improvised unconnected verses (“Hey Mama don’t you treat me wrong / Come and love your daddy all night long / All right now / Hey hey / All right”). Charles used gospel elements in a twelve-bar blues structure. Some of the first lines (“See the gal with the red dress on / She can do the Birdland all night long”) are influenced by a boogie-woogie style that Ahmet Ertegun attributes to Clarence “Pinetop” Smith who used to call out to dancers on the dance floor instructing what to do through his lyrics. In the middle of the song, however, Charles indicated that the Raelettes should repeat what he was doing, and the song transformed into a call and response between Charles, the Raelettes, and the horn section in the orchestra as they called out to each other in ecstatic shouts and moans and blasts from the horns.
The audience reacted immediately; Charles could feel the room shaking and bouncing as the crowd was dancing. Many audience members approached Charles at the end of the show to ask where they could purchase the record. Charles and the orchestra performed it again several nights in a row with the same reaction at each show. He called Jerry Wexler to say he had something new to record, later writing, “I don’t believe in giving myself advance notices, but I figured this song merited it
The Atlantic Records studio had just purchased an 8-track recorder, and recording engineer Tom Dowd was familiarizing himself with how it worked. In February 1959 Charles and his orchestra finally recorded “What’d I Say” at Atlantic’s small studio. Dowd recalled that it did not seem special at the time of recording. It was second of two songs during the session and Charles, the producers, and the band were more impressed with the first one at the session, “Tell the Truth”: “We made it like we made all the others. Ray, the gals, and the band live in the small studio, no overdubs. Three or four takes, and it was done. Next!” In retrospect, Ahmet Ertegun’s brother Nesuhi credits the extraordinary sound of the song to the restricted size of the studio and the technologically advanced recording equipment used; the sound quality is clear enough to hear Charles slapping his leg in time with the song when the music stops during the calls and responses. The song was recorded in only a few takes because Charles and the orchestra had perfected it while touring.
Dowd, however, had two problems during the recording. “What’d I Say” lasted over seven and a half minutes when the normal length of radio-played songs was around two and a half minutes. Furthermore, although the lyrics were not obscene, the sounds Charles and the Raelettes made in their calls and responses during the song worried Dowd and the producers. A previous recording called “Money Honey” by Clyde McPhatter had been banned in Georgia and Ahmet Ertegun and Wexler released McPhatter’s song despite the ban, risking arrest. Ray Charles was aware of the controversy in “What’d I Say”: “I’m not one to interpret my own songs, but if you can’t figure out ‘What I Say’, then something’s wrong. Either that, or you’re not accustomed to the sweet sounds of love
Mack the Knife by Bobby Darin
A song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959.
Mack the Knife” was introduced to the United States hit parade by Louis Armstrong in 1956, but the song is most closely associated with Bobby Darin, who recorded his version at Fulton Studios on West 40th Street, New York City, on December 19, 1958 (with Tom Dowd engineering the recording). Even though Darin was reluctant to release the song as a single, in 1959 it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Black Singles chart, and earned him a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that, having come from an opera, it would not appeal to the rock and roll audience. In subsequent years, Clark recounted the story with good humor.
Sunshine of Your Love by Cream
is a 1967 song by the British rock band Cream. With elements of hard rock, psychedelia, and pop, it is one of Cream’s best known and most popular songs. Cream bassist and vocalist Jack Bruce based it on a distinctive bass riff, or repeated musical phrase, he developed after attending a Jimi Hendrix concert. Guitarist Eric Clapton and lyricist Pete Brown later contributed to the song. Recording engineer Tom Dowd suggested the rhythm arrangement in which drummer Ginger Baker plays a distinctive tom-tom drum rhythm, although Baker has claimed it was his idea.
The song was included on Cream’s second album Disraeli Gears in November 1967, which was a best seller. Atco Records, the group’s American label, was initially unsure of the song’s potential. After recommendations by other label-affiliated artists, it released an edited single version in December 1967. The song became Cream’s first and highest charting American single and one of the most popular singles of 1968. In September 1968, it became a modest chart hit after being released in the UK.
Respect by Aretha Franklin
Respect Is a song written and originally released by American recording artist Otis Redding in 1965. The song became a 1967 hit and signature song for R&B singer Aretha Franklin. The music in the two versions is significantly different, and through a few changes in the lyrics, the stories told by the songs have a different flavor. Redding’s version is a plea from a desperate man, who will give his woman anything she wants. He won’t care if she does him wrong, as long as he gets his due respect when he brings money home. However, Franklin’s version is a declaration from a strong, confident woman, who knows that she has everything her man wants. She never does him wrong, and demands his “respect”. Franklin’s version adds the “R-E-S-P-E-C-T” chorus and the backup singers’ refrain of “Sock it to me, sock it to me, sock it to me…”.
Producer Jerry Wexler booked Franklin for a series of recording dates in January–February 1967, starting with “I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You”, recorded in Alabama at FAME Studios by engineer Tom Dowd. After an altercation between the studio owner and Franklin’s husband and manager, Ted White, the sessions continued ten days later in New York without White, recording “Do Right Woman, Do Right Man”, using the same engineer and the same Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section musicians as in Alabama. The next week the group recorded “Respect”, which Franklin had been performing in her live shows for a few years. Her version of the song flipped the gender of the lyrics, as worked out by Franklin with her sisters Erma and Carolyn. Franklin instructed the rhythm section how to perform her established arrangement of the “stop-and-stutter” syncopation, and in the studio she worked out new parts for the backing singers. “Respect” was recorded on Valentine’s Day, February 14, 1967. The repeated “sock it to me” line, sung by Franklin’s sisters, was an idea that Carolyn and Aretha had worked out together; spelling out “R-E-S-P-E-C-T” was (according to engineer Tom Dowd) Carolyn’s idea. The phrase “Sock it to me” became a household expression. In an interview with WHYY’s Fresh Air in 1999, Aretha said, “Some of the girls were saying that to the fellas, like ‘sock it to me’ in this way or ‘sock it to me’ in that way. It’s not sexual. It was nonsexual, just a cliché line.”
In the bridge, King Curtis’ tenor saxophone soloed over the chords from Sam and Dave’s song “When Something Is Wrong With My Baby”. Franklin played piano for the number; in an interview, Spooner Oldham explained it was not uncommon for Franklin herself to play accompanying piano. The overall arrangement was by co-producer Arif Mardin, based on the ideas Franklin brought in. Said Mardin: “I have been in many studios in my life, but there was never a day like that. It was like a festival. Everything worked just right.”
The resulting song was featured on Franklin’s 1967 breakthrough Atlantic Records debut album, I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You. As the title track became a hit on both R&B and pop radio, Atlantic Records arranged for the release of this new version of “Respect” as a single.
So much of what made “Respect” a hit — and an anthem — came from the Franklin rearrangement (including the Muscle Shoals musician’s soulful guitar hook, the background vocals, and the added sax solo/chords). Franklin’s rendition found greater success than the original, spending two weeks atop the Billboard Pop Singles chart, and eight weeks on the Billboard Black Singles chart. The changes in lyrics and production drove Franklin’s version to become an anthem for the increasingly large Civil Rights and Women’s Rights movements. She altered the lyrics to represent herself, a strong woman demanding respect from her man. Franklin’s demands for “Respect” were “associated either with black freedom struggles or women’s liberation.”
Live At Fillmore East by the Allman Brothers Band
The first live album by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band, and their third release overall. Produced by Tom Dowd, the album was released in July 1971 in the United States by Capricorn Records. As the title indicates, the recording took place at the New York City music venue Fillmore East, which was run by concert promoter Bill Graham. It was recorded over the course of three nights in March 1971 and features the band performing extended jam versions of songs such as “Whipping Post”, “You Don’t Love Me” and “In Memory of Elizabeth Reed.” When first commercially released, it was issued as a double LP with just seven songs across four vinyl sides.
At Fillmore East was the band’s artistic and commercial breakthrough and has been considered by some critics to be one of the greatest live albums in rock music. It has also been ranked among the best overall albums by artists and continues to be a top seller in the band’s catalog, becoming their first album to go platinum. In 2004, the album was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress, deemed to be “culturally, historically, or aesthetically important” by the National Recording Registry.
Layla by Derek and the Dominos
is a song written by Eric Clapton and Jim Gordon, originally released by their blues rock band Derek and the Dominos, as the thirteenth track from their only studio album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (November 1970). Its contrasting movements were composed separately by Clapton and Gordon.
The song was inspired by a love story that originated in 7th-century Arabia and later formed the basis of The Story of Layla and Majnun by the 12th-century Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi, a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, because it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful, young girl and went crazy and so could not marry her. The song was further inspired by Clapton’s then unrequited love for Pattie Boyd, the wife of his friend and fellow musician George Harrison of the Beatles. Clapton and Boyd would eventually marry.
After the breakup of Cream, Clapton tried his hand with several groups, including Blind Faith and the husband-and-wife duo Delaney and Bonnie. In the spring of 1970, he was told that some members of Delaney and Bonnie’s backup band, notably bassist Carl Radle, drummer Jim Gordon, and keyboardist Bobby Whitlock, were leaving the group. Seizing the opportunity, Clapton formed a new group, which became Derek and the Dominos.
During the recording of the album, Duane Allman joined Clapton’s fledgling band as a guest. Clapton and Allman, already mutual fans, were introduced at an Allman Brothers concert by Tom Dowd. The two hit it off well and soon became good friends. Dowd said of their guitar-playing chemistry: “There had to be some sort of telepathy going on because I’ve never seen spontaneous inspiration happen at that rate and level. One of them would play something, and the other reacted instantaneously. Never once did either of them have to say, ‘Could you play that again, please?’ It was like two hands in a glove. And they got tremendously off on playing with each other.” Dowd was already famous for a variety of work and had worked with Clapton in his Cream days (Clapton once called him “the ideal recording man”); his work on the album would be another achievement. For the making of his biographical film Tom Dowd and the Language of Music, he remixed the original master tapes of “Layla,” saying, “There are my principles, in one form or another.”
Clapton originally wrote “Layla” as a ballad, with lyrics describing his unrequited love for Boyd, but the song became a “rocker” when, according to Clapton, Allman composed the song’s signature riff. With the band assembled and Dowd producing, “Layla” was recorded in its rock form. The recording of the first section consisted of sixteen tracks of which six were guitar tracks: a rhythm track by Clapton, three tracks of harmonies played by Clapton (the main power chord riff on both channels and two harmonies against that main riff, one on the left channel and one on the right channel), a track of solos by Allman (fretted solos with bent notes during the verses and a slide solo during the outro), and one track with both Allman and Clapton playing duplicate solos (the 7-note “signature” riff doubled in two octaves and the 12-note “signature” riff doubled in unison). According to Clapton, Allman played the first seven notes of the 12-note “signature” riff fretted and the last five notes on slide in standard tuning. Each player used one input of the same two-input Fender Champ amplifier.
Shortly afterward, Clapton returned to the studio, where he heard Jim Gordon playing a piano piece he had composed separately. Clapton, impressed by the piece, convinced Gordon to allow it to be used as part of the song. Though only Gordon has been officially credited with this part, Whitlock claimed, “Jim took that piano melody from his ex-girlfriend Rita Coolidge. I know because in the D&B days I lived in John Garfield’s old house in the Hollywood Hills and there was a guest house with an upright piano in it. Rita and Jim were up there in the guest house and invited me to join in on writing this song with them called ‘Time.’ … Her sister Priscilla wound up recording it with Booker T. Jones. … Jim took the melody from Rita’s song and didn’t give her credit for writing it. Her boyfriend ripped her off.” “Time” ended up on the album Chronicles by Booker T. and Priscilla Jones which was released in 1973. Whitlock’s story was echoed by Coolidge herself in her 2016 autobiography. The claim is also substantiated in Graham Nash’s 2014 autobiography ‘Wild Tales’.
“Layla’s” second movement was recorded roughly a week after the first, with Gordon playing his piano part, Clapton playing acoustic guitar and slide guitar, and Allman playing electric and bottleneck slide guitar. After Dowd spliced the two movements together, “Layla” was complete.
Due to the circumstances of its composition, “Layla” is defined by two movements, each marked by a riff. The first movement, which was recorded in the key of D minor for choruses and C-sharp minor for verses, is centered around the “signature riff”, a guitar piece utilizing hammer-ons, pull-offs, and power chords. The first section contains the overdub-heavy slide guitar solo, played by Allman. By placing his slide at points beyond the end of the fretboard, Allman was able to play notes at a higher pitch than could be played with standard technique. Dowd referred to this as “notes that aren’t on the instrument!”
The second movement, Jim Gordon’s contribution, is commonly referred to as the “piano coda.” Originally played in C major, the tape speed of the coda was increased slightly during mixing. The resulting pitch is somewhere between C and C sharp. The piano interlude at the end of the song is augmented by an acoustic guitar, and is also the accompaniment to the outro-solo. The same melody is also played on Allman’s slide guitar a octave higher. Gordon does not improvise or deviate from the piano part; Clapton and Allman are the ones who improvise the melody. The song ends with Allman playing his signature high-pitched “bird call” on his slide guitar.
I Shot the Sheriff by Eric Clapton
Is a song written by Bob Marley and released in 1973 by The Wailers.
Eric Clapton recorded a cover version that was included on his 1974 album 461 Ocean Boulevard. His take on the song belongs to the musical genres of soft rock and reggae. It is the most successful version of the song, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.
461 Ocean Boulevard
is a 1974 solo album by Eric Clapton that marked his return to recording after recovering from a three-year addiction to heroin. The album was released in late July 1974 for RSO Records, shortly after the record company released the hit single “I Shot the Sheriff” in early July the same year. The album topped various international charts and sold more than two million copies.
The album title refers to the address on Ocean Boulevard in Golden Beach, Florida where Clapton lived while recording the album.
The street address of the house was changed after the album’s release due to fans flocking to the property. The house has long since been rebuilt and the street address restored.
Eat a Peach/Melissa by The Allman Brothers
Eat a Peach is the third studio album by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band. Produced by Tom Dowd, the album was released on February 12, 1972, in the United States by Capricorn Records. Following their artistic and commercial breakthrough with the release of the live album At Fillmore East (1971), the Allman Brothers Band got to work on their third studio album. Many in the band were struggling, however, with heroin addictions and checked into rehab to confront these problems. Shortly after leaving rehab, group leader and founder Duane Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident in the band’s home of Macon, Georgia thus making it the final album to feature the guitarist.
Eat a Peach was a mix of studio recordings—both with and without Duane Allman—and recordings from the band’s famed 1971 Fillmore East performances. The album contains the extended half-hour-long “Mountain Jam,” which was long enough to take up two full sides of the original double-LP. Other highlights include vocalist Gregg Allman’s performance of his brother’s favorite song, “Melissa,” plus Dickey Betts’ “Blue Sky”, which went on to become a classic rock radio staple.
“Melissa” is a song by American rock band the Allman Brothers Band, released in August 1972 as the second single from the group’s third studio album, Eat a Peach. The song was written by vocalist Gregg Allman long before the founding of the group. It was first written in 1967, and two demo versions from those years exists, including a version cut by the 31st of February, a band that featured Butch Trucks, the Allman Brothers’ later drummer. Allman sold the publishing rights later that year, but they were reacquired by manager Phil Walden in 1972.
The song’s title is frequently referred to incorrectly as “Sweet Melissa” due to the lyric being sung at the end of each of the first two choruses.
The version on Eat a Peach was recorded in tribute to Duane Allman, who considered the song among his brother’s best and a personal favorite. He died in a motorcycle accident three months before its most famous rendition was recorded.
Dusty in Memphis by Dusty Springfield
Is the fifth studio album by English singer Dusty Springfield. She recorded the album at American Sound Studio in Memphis with a team of musicians and producers that included Jerry Wexler, Arif Mardin, Tom Dowd, conductor Gene Orloff, backing vocalists The Sweet Inspirations, bassist Tommy Cogbill, and guitarist Reggie Young. It featured one of her top-10 UK hits, “Son of a Preacher Man”. Although Dusty in Memphis sold poorly when it was first released by Atlantic Records in 1969, the album has since been acclaimed by critics as one of the greatest records of all time and Springfield’s best work. The album received a Grammy award in 2001.
Hoping to reinvigorate her career and boost her credibility, Dusty Springfield turned to the roots of soul music. She signed with Atlantic Records, home label of one of her soul music idols, Aretha Franklin. Although she had sung R&B songs before, she had never released an entire album solely of R&B songs. She began recording an album in Memphis, Tennessee, where some notable blues musicians had grown up. The Memphis sessions at the American Sound Studios were recorded by the A team of Atlantic Records. It included producers Jerry Wexler, Tom Dowd and Arif Mardin, the back-up singers Sweet Inspirations and the instrumental band Memphis Cats, led by guitarist Reggie Young and bassist Tommy Cogbill. The Memphis Cats had previously backed Wilson Pickett, King Curtis and Elvis Presley. Terry Manning (also a recording engineer, but in this case) a writer for the New Musical Express attended the recording sessions, and ended up assisting Tom Dowd. The songs were written by, among others, Gerry Goffin & Carole King, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil, Michel Legrand, Randy Newman, and Burt Bacharach & Hal David.